
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Log Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.54, sd = 0.56)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Log Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 0.22)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity          & 0.411$^{***}$ & 0.395$^{***}$ & 0.409$^{***}$ & 0.103$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$ & 0.069$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.064)       & (0.087)       & (0.058)       & (0.023)       & (0.029)       & (0.013)\\   
   Population                 & 0.151$^{***}$ & 0.141$^{***}$ & 0.115$^{***}$ & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.096$^{***}$ & 0.081$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.024)       & (0.023)       & (0.031)       & (0.019)       & (0.017)       & (0.018)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.279$^{***}$ & 0.270$^{***}$ & 0.307$^{***}$ & 0.051$^{*}$   & 0.049         & 0.045$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.075)       & (0.093)       & (0.075)       & (0.029)       & (0.034)       & (0.015)\\   
   Predicted population        & 0.106$^{***}$ & 0.091$^{**}$  & -0.030        & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.088$^{***}$ & 0.040$^{*}$\\   
                               & (0.039)       & (0.043)       & (0.049)       & (0.025)       & (0.025)       & (0.024)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.433$^{***}$ & 0.415$^{***}$ & 0.429$^{***}$ & 0.102$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{***}$ & 0.074$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.060)       & (0.084)       & (0.062)       & (0.026)       & (0.031)       & (0.014)\\   
   Population                            & 0.131$^{***}$ & 0.129$^{***}$ & 0.057         & 0.119$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{***}$ & 0.092$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.033)       & (0.027)       & (0.048)       & (0.027)       & (0.020)       & (0.034)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 162; 426      & 147; 227      & 149; 29       & 162; 426      & 147; 227      & 149; 29\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.693$^{***}$     & 0.723$^{***}$     & 0.729$^{***}$     & -0.160$^{***}$ & -0.231$^{***}$ & -0.103$^{**}$ \\
                               & (0.075)           & (0.073)           & (0.074)           & (0.033)        & (0.042)        & (0.041)       \\
   Predicted population        & -0.009            & -0.076$^{*}$      & -0.142$^{**}$     & 0.837$^{***}$  & 0.948$^{***}$  & 0.550$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.041)           & (0.040)           & (0.063)           & (0.053)        & (0.073)        & (0.107)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


